Every layer,
by ingredient.

L-Tyrosine

Dietary amino acid and precursor to catecholamines. Commonly included in morning cognitive formulations.

L-Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid and a dietary precursor in catecholamine biosynthesis. It is included in the morning layer because the synthesis pathway it feeds draws on available tyrosine, and dietary availability can become rate-limiting during periods of sustained demand. The 500 mg dose reflects standard practice in published formulations examining this compound in cognitive contexts.

Bacopa monnieri extract

Adaptogenic herb with a long history of use in cognitive support traditions. Effects build over weeks, not hours.

Bacopa monnieri is a plant used in Ayurvedic tradition for centuries and studied in multiple double-blind human trials. Its primary bioactives are bacosides A and B. The 10:1 extract standardizes the active compound content, delivering the equivalent of 3,000 mg dried herb per 300 mg dose. Published human studies show outcomes typically becoming measurable at 4–8 weeks of daily use.

Citicoline

One of the most bioavailable choline sources. Crosses the blood-brain barrier. Used in cognitive formulations for attention and mental clarity support.

Citicoline (CDP-choline) converts to both choline and cytidine in the body. Most choline supplements deliver choline only. The cytidine component (a uridine precursor) supports cell membrane phospholipid synthesis alongside acetylcholine production. The 300 mg dose is consistent with the range used in published human research on citicoline and cognitive outcomes.

enXtra®

Patented galanga extract. The only Alpinia galanga extract with double-blind human trial data on alertness and attention. Non-adrenergic mechanism.

enXtra® is the only standardized Alpinia galanga extract with a published, double-blind, placebo-controlled human study specifically examining alertness and attention over time. Its mechanism does not involve adrenergic activation. In a published double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Nutrients, 2020), 300 mg showed statistically significant effects on self-reported alertness versus placebo over a 5-hour window.

Rhodiola rosea extract

Adaptogen. The 3:1 rosavin-to-salidroside ratio matches the profile commonly used in published Rhodiola research.

The 3:1 rosavin-to-salidroside ratio mirrors the natural composition of Siberian Rhodiola root and matches the profile commonly used in published Rhodiola research on cognitive performance and fatigue. Many commercial Rhodiola extracts standardize for rosavins only. The 133 mg dose delivers approximately 4 mg rosavins and 1.3 mg salidroside.

Ginkgo biloba extract

Standardized to the EGb 761-equivalent specification used in the majority of published human research on Ginkgo and cognitive function.

The 24%/6% standardization is the EGb 761 specification used in the majority of controlled Ginkgo clinical trials. Non-standardized Ginkgo extracts have produced inconsistent research results. At 50:1 concentration, 60 mg delivers the active compound content of approximately 3,000 mg dried leaf.

Vitamin B3

Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism and normal psychological function. Precursor to NAD⁺ coenzyme.

Nicotinamide is a precursor to NAD+, the coenzyme central to cellular energy transfer. The nicotinamide form is chosen over niacin (nicotinic acid) because niacin can cause a flushing response at higher doses.

Vitamin B1

Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism and normal functioning of the nervous system.

Thiamine is a coenzyme in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase reactions that link glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. B1 is water-soluble; excess is excreted.

Vitamin B2

Active form of B2, directly usable without conversion. Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism and reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Riboflavin-5′-phosphate (R5P) is the phosphorylated coenzyme form of vitamin B2 — the form the body actually uses. Standard riboflavin requires conversion by riboflavin kinase before it becomes active. R5P bypasses that step entirely.

Vitamin B9

Active methylfolate form. Contributes to normal psychological function and cell division. Works regardless of MTHFR genotype.

Quatrefolic® delivers (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folate. Standard folic acid requires a multi-step enzymatic conversion, with the MTHFR enzyme as the rate-limiting step. Research estimates suggest roughly 10–15% of the European population carries the MTHFR C677T variant, which reduces conversion efficiency. Quatrefolic bypasses this pathway entirely.

Vitamin B7

Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism and normal psychological function.

Biotin is a water-soluble cofactor for five carboxylase enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid catabolism, and gluconeogenesis. D-biotin is the only naturally occurring and biologically active enantiomer.

Vitamin B12

Active methyl form of B12. Contributes to normal neurological function and energy-yielding metabolism. Preferentially retained in neural tissue compared to cyanocobalamin.

Methylcobalamin is one of the two active coenzyme forms of B12. Unlike cyanocobalamin (the synthetic form used in most supplements), methylcobalamin is directly usable without hepatic conversion and is preferentially retained in neural tissue.

Magnesium bisglycinate MagChel®

High-bioavailability chelated magnesium. Primary compound in the evening layer. Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system and normal muscle function.

MagChel® is pharmaceutical-grade magnesium bisglycinate. Two glycine molecules chelate the magnesium ion, protecting it from competing minerals during absorption. Head-to-head studies consistently show bisglycinate delivering substantially more elemental magnesium to circulation than inorganic forms. Combined with the 80 mg from LAYER TWO: 236 mg elemental magnesium daily.

Ashwagandha KSM-66®

The most clinically documented ashwagandha extract form. Included in the evening layer for recovery support. Effects build over weeks of consistent use.

KSM-66® is produced via a proprietary milk-based extraction process that preserves the full-spectrum withanolide profile of the whole root. It has more published double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled human trials than any other ashwagandha extract. Most relevant as part of a consistent recovery routine. The 300 mg dose is consistent with the range used in most published human trials.

L-theanine

An amino acid from the tea leaf, not its caffeine. 200 mg is the dose associated with increased alpha wave activity in EEG studies. Non-sedating.

L-theanine is an amino acid found almost exclusively in Camellia sinensis. Green tea is better known for its caffeine, but this extract is the other fraction of the leaf: standardized to 98% L-theanine, with caffeine reduced to trace levels in extraction. In EEG research, 200 mg L-theanine is the dose most consistently associated with increased alpha wave activity, a neural oscillation pattern found in states of relaxed alertness. L-theanine does not induce drowsiness.

Valerian extract

Traditional botanical with centuries of use in European evening support traditions. 10:1 delivers the compound content of 2,000 mg dried root.

Valeriana officinalis root contains naturally occurring compounds including valerenic acid and isovaleric acid. It has a long history of use in European botanical traditions for evening support. Published studies on the valerian and lemon balm combination consistently report better outcomes than either botanical alone.

Lemon balm extract

Traditional botanical. Pairs synergistically with valerian. One of the most studied botanical pairings in European herbal medicine for evening support.

Lemon balm contains rosmarinic acid and other polyphenols. It has a long history of use in European botanical traditions and is commonly paired with valerian in evening support formulas. The combination consistently performs better in published research than either compound alone.

Vitamin B6

Active coenzyme form of B6. Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system and normal psychological function.

Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (P-5-P) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6, directly usable without the hepatic conversion required by pyridoxine HCl. B6 as P-5-P is a cofactor in over 100 enzymatic reactions, including decarboxylation steps in neurotransmitter biosynthesis pathways.